Conditional Statements

Scala supports several types of conditional statements that allow you to control the flow of your program. Here are the key conditional constructs with examples:

if Statement

The basic if statement works similarly to other languages. It evaluates a condition and executes the corresponding block if the condition is true.

if (condition) {
  // code to execute if the condition is true
}

Example :

val x = 10
if (x > 5) {
  println("x is greater than 5")
}

o/p:
x is greater than 5

if-else Statement

The if-else statement allows you to specify an alternative block of code to execute if the condition is false.

if (condition) {
  // code to execute if the condition is true
} else {
  // code to execute if the condition is false
}

Example :

val x = 3
if (x > 5) {
  println("x is greater than 5")
} else {
  println("x is less than or equal to 5")
}

o/p:
x is less than or equal to 5

if-else if-else Statement

You can chain multiple conditions together using else if.

if (condition1) {
  // code to execute if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
  // code to execute if condition2 is true
} else {
  // code to execute if both conditions are false
}

Example :

val x = 7
if (x < 5) {
  println("x is less than 5")
} else if (x == 7) {
  println("x is equal to 7")
} else {
  println("x is greater than 7")
}

o/p:
x is equal to 7

Ternary-Like Expression (if as an expression)

In Scala, if is an expression, meaning it can return a value. This makes it similar to a ternary operator in languages like Java or C++.

val result = if (condition) value_if_true else value_if_false

Example :

val x = 10
val result = if (x > 5) "greater" else "less or equal"
println(result)

o/p:
greater

match Statement (Pattern Matching)

Scala has a more powerful conditional structure called match, which is similar to a switch statement in other languages. It’s used for pattern matching and can handle complex conditional logic.

value match {
  case pattern1 => // code to execute if value matches pattern1
  case pattern2 => // code to execute if value matches pattern2
  case _ => // code to execute if none of the patterns match (default case)
}

Example :

val day = "Monday"
day match {
  case "Monday" => println("Start of the week")
  case "Friday" => println("End of the workweek")
  case _ => println("Midweek day")
}

o/p:
Start of the week

match Expression

Just like if, the match statement can return a value. This makes it an expression.

val x = 2
val result = x match {
  case 1 => "one"
  case 2 => "two"
  case _ => "other"
}
println(result)

o/p:
two

Summary:

• if: Single condition.
• if-else: Two-way decision.
• if-else if-else: Multiple conditions.
• match: Pattern matching for multiple cases, similar to switch but more powerful.

These constructs give Scala powerful conditional logic handling capabilities.

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Loops

Scala provides several types of loop constructs that can be used for repetitive tasks. These include while, do-while, and for loops, along with some functional looping mechanisms such as foreach. Here’s an overview of each with examples: